Set Theory and How It Is Used

Set theory is a fundamental concept throughout all of mathematics.  This branch of mathematics forms a foundation for other topics.   Intuitively a set is a collection of objects, which are called elements. Although this seems like a simple idea, it has some far-reaching consequences.   Elements The elements of a set can really be anything – numbers, states, cars, people or even other sets are all possibilities for elements. Just about anything that can be collected together may be used to form a set, though there are some things we need to be careful about. Equal Sets Elements of a set are either in a set or not in a set. We may describe a set by a defining property, or we may list the elements in the set. The order that they are listed is not important. So the sets {1, 2, 3} and {1, 3, 2} are equal sets, because they both contain the same elements. Two Special Sets Two sets deserve special mention. The first is the universal set, typically denoted U. This set is all of the elements that we may choose from. This set may be different from one setting to the next. For example, one universal set may be the set of real numbers whereas for another problem the universal set may be the whole numbers {0, 1, 2,...}.   The other set that requires some attention is called the empty set. The empty set is the unique set is the set with no elements. We can write this as { } and denote this set by the symbol ∅. Subsets and the Power Set A collection of some of the elements of a set A is called a subset of A. We say that A is a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an element of B. If there are a finite number n of elements in a set, then there are a total of 2n subsets of A. This collection of all of the subsets of A is a set that is called the power set of A. Set Operations Just as we can perform operations such as addition - on two numbers to obtain a new number, set theory operations are used to form a set from two other sets. There are a number of operations, but nearly all are composed from the following three operations: Union – A union signifies a bringing together. The union of the sets A and B consists of the elements that are in either A or B.Intersection - An intersection is where two things meet. The intersection of the sets A and B consists of the elements that in both A and B.Complement - The complement of the set A consists of all of the elements in the universal set that are not elements of A. Venn Diagrams One tool that is helpful in depicting the relationship between different sets is called a Venn diagram.  A rectangle represents the universal set for our problem.  Each set is represented with a circle.  If the circles overlap with one another, then this illustrates the intersection of our two sets.   Applications of Set Theory Set theory is used throughout mathematics. It is used as a foundation for many subfields of mathematics. In the areas pertaining to statistics, it is particularly used in probability. Much of the concepts in probability are derived from the consequences of set theory. Indeed, one way to state the axioms of probability involves set theory.

A Woman’s Retrospective of the American Revolution Essay

Sarah Benjamin went before the deposition on the twentieth day of November, 1837 in the Court of Common Pleas of Wayne County, Pennsylvania. This deposition intended to validate claims for receiving pension benefits owed to Mrs. Benjamin from a previous marriage; an Aaron Osborn, veteran of the Revolutionary War. Her case founded itself on the numerous acts of Congress over the previous decade--in particular the Comprehensive Pension Act of 1832 and subsequent acts of Congress from July 4, 1836 and March 3, 1837--allowing for the first time yearly grants to all who served in the Continental Army for a period of six months or more. These acts supplanted Sarah Benjamins case because applicants no longer required disability or monetary†¦show more content†¦Osborn and her fellow female commandants of war became true patriots, veterans devoted to a cause they imagined worthy of a fight. While it may seem easy to speculate her deposition as mere hearsay or engorged fabrications o f an elderly woman, many claims Sarah Osborn purports are verifiable and unrequitedly true. Throughout this work I will, where reasonably necessary, corroborate Osborns claims with that of others similar testimony. The study of this document will mainly comprise of the role Sarah Osborn played, using her accounts of the years 1780 through the surrender of Yorktown in 1781, with contextual additions explaining social aspects of women during this era. To further this study and supply a deeper and thorough contextualization, the research and importance of other known accounts of women involved in the war serve as supplementing points to the main theme presented by Sarah Osborns testimony. These studies along with my own interpretations of Sarah Osborns deposition will hopefully create a view of life during the Revolution far too often unseen; that of a completely female perspective. I will attempt to show that they, as much as anyone, helped fight for, create, and maintain a union du ring crisis. By November of 1837 when Sarah Osborn stood before the Court of Common Pleas in Pleasant Mount, Wayne County,Show MoreRelatedLifting The Ban On Women s Rights1974 Words   |  8 Pagesharshness of battle. Females will also prevail as Army Rangers, Green Berets, Navy Seals, and Marine Corps. Many people now believe in what Defense Secretary Ash Carter said, â€Å"The important factor in making my decision was to have access to every American who could add strength to the joint force.† (Tilghman). With these beliefs women now get the chance to fulfill their lifelong dreams of fighting and protecting their country. 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Mrs. Thomas Holistic End of Life Care Free Essays

string(48) " is worse or that the pain is deserved somehow\." Governors university Scenario A brief synopsis of the scenario explored in this paper will be forthcoming so the following observations and detail will have context. The key points in the scenario explored for Mrs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Thomas: Holistic End of Life Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas, her husband and family are as follows. Mrs.. Thomas is a candidate for palliative care; In specifically hospice If she Is given a prognosis of six months or less. She has suffered breast cancer twice In the past year. A year ago she had a right mastectomy with removal of five auxiliary lymph nodes, with chemotherapy and radiation. Six months ago she had a second mastectomy on her left breast, followed by chemotherapy and radiation. After said treatment it was discovered that the cancer had metastasis’s to her lungs and further surgery is not a feasible option. She has not been taking her pain medication as she does not want to procure an addiction problem. Her pain has Increased and she spends most of the time In bed crying. She had to leave her job, but has a small stipend via disability. She and her husband, a police officer, are struggling to make ends meet financially Her husband suffers from chronic depression that is being managed by medication, but he is resorting to take his medication often. He is a supportive and able caregiver however, he Is showing signs of caregiver strain and Job stress. In response Mrs.. Thomas Is worried that he Is becoming classical because of the circumstances of her condition and this In turn Is causing her further suffering. Core family support Is minimal. Mrs.. Thomas’ close female relatives are dead from the very disease that is killing her. Because she is sick, she and her husband no longer socialize; she does not seek help from her female friends. Her sons live far away, and call often but they do not come to see her. Mrs.. Thomas is saddened that her sons are not here, but Quality of Life and Health Promotion This nurse believes that quality of life is defined individually for each patient. Each individual is unique and how they perceive life and what their life circumstances are define what is needed for end of life care. Quality of life during a time when aggressive treatment is no longer possible needs to be focused on comfort and support of the patient, caregivers and family. This nurse believes comfort (quality of life) includes the right to be free from pain, unless the patient chooses to experience main in trade for mental clarity. It includes the right to not participate in aggressive treatment or in clinical trials if the patient has no wish to do so. Quality of life to this nurse is helping the patient to do the best with the situation in life in which the patient finds themselves. It includes helping the patient with what he or she perceives as unfinished business and helping the patient conclude this business to the extent possible. Holistic end of life care includes care of all aspects of the patient (physical, social and spiritual) and care for those who love the one dying?the family. The family is whatever blood or non-blood ties this entails; whatever â€Å"shape† of family the patient has at this time. This nurse believes that holistic end of life care encompasses not only physical comfort for the patient but promotion of healthy interactions for the patient with those who love and comfort them. These sensitivities are the goals of this nurse and if applied diligently may provide the best outcomes for the patient in this time of life. Strategies Four holistic nursing goals to begin to improve quality of life for Mrs.. Thomas, her husband and family are the nursing diagnoses: Pain Management, Addressing Anticipatory Grieving and Situational Low Self-Esteem, as well as, Altered Family Processes. First one must establish a rapport with the patient. By providing an open nonjudgmental conversation the nurse can encourage an open and realistic dialogue about what Mrs.. Thomas is feeling. By reviewing past life experiences one can get to know the patient and what interests her and establish trust. This trust is of most importance as all nursing care success depends on creating a team effort with the patient. Family involvement in this time needs to be proactive to help Mrs.. Thomas’ mental state and via this her physical functional ability. Nurseries) A beginning conversation with Mrs.. Thomas needs to be about the importance of pain relief. By bringing the patient to an understanding of how this relief of pain will benefit those around her, Mrs.. Thomas may be more likely to try the medication for said relief. This may be the initial hook with which one can get her to take said medication. The nurse must determine a comprehensive pain history, including frequency, duration and intensity using a scale dependent upon the patient’s perception of pain throughout her life span. Zero pain for no pain; ten for the worst pain ever. This call gives the nurse a baseline from which to assess pain management. Her pain has been increasing for the last six months and this nurse would designate that as chronic pain, perhaps with acute episodes. Also, the nurse must ask about and continue to monitor when said pain is occurring, as well as where and how much. Morning or when? Identifying precipitating factors of pain will help in its long term management. (Nurseries) Pain is what the patient says it is; we as nurses need to accept that premise. Within the realm of pain lie both physical and emotional response. Because Mrs.. Thomas is no longer seeking aggressive cancer treatment, he â€Å"variations of aggressive treatment† pain control will not be discussed. However, as her disease progresses it is most likely that her pain will increase. Which brings up another point?reluctance of the patient to report pain because of fear that the disease is worse or that the pain is deserved somehow. You read "Mrs. Thomas: Holistic End of Life Care" in category "Life" The nurse must also be aware of unmanageable side effects (like hallucination) which if experienced must be dealt with in a matter of fact fashion and by trying another medication regime. To address pain management with Mrs.. Thomas one must address her fear of addiction. By talking with Mrs.. Thomas openly and honestly about the need for pain relief, it is hoped that she is lead to the conclusion that pain management and pain medication abuse are two different things. At the end of life, pain medication addiction is not an issue. This idea needs to be gently but openly professed. One could point to the relief of stress for her husband if she is not in pain; as well as the physical benefit (and hence mental benefit) of remaining pain free. If she remains pain free she will be more able to take care of herself and her activities of daily living. She will be able to live in this time instead of living in dread of each day. Once she is taking said pain medication it must be monitored, adjusted and changed as needed for optimal effect and to support the ability to participate in activities of daily living to the fullest as possible. Also discussing non-pharmacological comfort measures like massage and diversionary activities like music is in order. What does Mrs.. Thomas respond to; what does she like? What kinds of non-pharmacological pain intervention has worked for her in the past? Ask questions so that she can verbalize these things to help herself. Being able to relax will help her focus her attention. Encouragement of stress management skills and complimentary therapies (relaxation techniques, biofeedback, LAUGHTER, music, aromatherapy, acupressure, acupuncture and touch are a few) helps the patient to actively participate and enhances a sense of control. Heat and cold may also help by decreasing muscle spasms and inflammation. Pain makes stress, stress makes stiff muscles and increases self-focus which, unfortunately, increases pain. As the nurse interacts with the patient it is important that the patient comes up with ideas about care and becomes a proactive member of their healthcare team. (Nurseries) Mrs.. Thomas is also suffering, â€Å"Anticipatory Grieving. This is related to loss of her physiological health and change in lifestyle. It is interconnected to the knowledge that she is going to die, for real, and most likely soon. This nursing diagnosis is needed because of her change in social activity level, her reluctance to tell her sons that she needs them?now. It is evidenced by her denial that she does need them and help and support in general from her friends. (Nurseries) Outcomes that are desired include the patient being able to feel her feelings and express them. By doing this she will hopefully come to the place where she is able to take one day t a time and continue her normal activities; even planning for the future. Being able to admit that she is dying, understanding and verbalizing the process is a beginning is done, she must feel supported in her grief work. One must beware of debilitating depression, the like of which is indicated by the scenario. To address this the nurse must be frank and direct in asking questions about the patient’s mind state. (Nurseries) Frequent visiting by the nursing team and care providers, family and social support of friends can help relieve feelings of isolation and abandonment. Her ones need to be contacted with a â€Å"for your information† talk about coming to see their mom (and dad) and possibly who could be of help with caregivers as it is needed. Mr.. Thomas is also a source to find out about who may be able to help with this care this, as well. The nursing diagnosis, â€Å"Situational Low Self-Esteem† is related to how Mrs.. Thomas feels about her disfiguring surgeries and subsequent treatment side effects (aliped, muscle wasting, and more) as well as feelings of self-doubt and lack of control in her life. It is about the doubt about being accepted by others–of still eyeing a human in the world. It is also about her anxiety and fear of her disease process. This is evidenced by her not taking responsibility for self-care (not taking pain medication; crying in bed all day. ) Acceptance of her situation is an outcome that is looked for. She needs to be able to develop mechanisms to cope with her problems and set realistic goals. What coping skills has she used in the past? She needs to be able to participate in her own life by learning to adapt. The nurse can help her through this process by asking proactive questions about how she feels and perceives her world. By getting her to voice where she’s at, she will also perhaps start to voice how she can manage. (Nurseries) This diagnosis ties in with the aforementioned, â€Å"Anticipatory Grieving† diagnosis. By defining diagnosis and disease process beginning problem solving can occur. By anticipating what can happen, some measure of control can be taken. By working with Mrs.. Thomas and planning how daily activities can be managed, adaptation can occur. (Nurseries) Discussion about her roles in life, as a worker, spouse, and mother and problem solving about how to accomplish her goals for these roles may help reduce problems that interfere tit her self-esteem. It may help her to see how she can cluster activities at home to conserve energy but be productive. It may help her to be more able to reach out to those who love her for inclusion and support. The nurse must acknowledge troubles she is experiencing and validate the patient’s reality; this opens the door to the patient being able to seek measures that are necessary to cope, like counseling, and support groups. The nurse should readily be able to supply information about said resources so as to facilitate the patient in procuring more support. If Mrs.. Thomas is n hospice the social worker of the interdisciplinary team can help facilitate and direct this work; but the nurse must always continue it during her visits. Holistic Nursing Plan Amongst personal revelation the nurse must explore who may be able to help Mrs.. Thomas with her activities of daily living. Her husband is doing the Job, but he is suffering from care giver strain and could use some help. It may be that the people she has cut herself off from socially miss her and would love the chance to be able to help in some way. Caregivers avenues and their affordability need to be explored before they are needed. These interactions; providing pain control, helping with grief and esteem issues, and helping the patient to discover what will work best to live disease state progresses, but before it is needed, preparation for a lesser level of self-care must be addressed. Medicare provides a â€Å"compassionate allowance† for hospice care for those of any age with a metastasis cancer with a prognosis of six months or less. She needs to apply for this care in the beginning of the nursing visits if she qualifies. To receive hospice care via Medicare she must be eligible for Medicare Part â€Å"A†, be certified as terminally ill and then apply for hospice care. This care would be in her home. By signing an election of benefits Mrs.. Thomas would be choosing hospice care in lieu of routine Medicare-covered benefits. Hospice would pay for pain medications and those required by her terminal diagnosis, as well as services included in the palliative plan of care. Often the hospice doctor confers with the patient’s primary doctor and others on the hospice interdisciplinary team are included. (â€Å"Your Medicare benefits,† 2014) Hospice of Kits County provides an interdisciplinary team consisting of the doctor, the patient’s primary provider and nurse practitioners, sitting nursing care, a medical social worker, a chaplain, a home health aide. Also provided are complementary services, which include massage and music therapies. Volunteers are also enlisted to help with such things as grocery shopping and the like or simply for company. These persons come to the patient’s home for service. Hospice care differs with regional coverage. Durable medical equipment is also covered, so if Mrs.. Thomas is in need of a hospital bed, oxygen, bedside commode, wheel chair and so on, it will be provided at no cost to her family via Medicare coverage. Grief and loss counseling is also provided. â€Å"Hospice of kits,† ) Providers for home care must be explored as Mrs.. Thomas declines. Often the expense precludes coverage of duties in this way. Exploration of service providers and means of payment need to be explored as a way to cover Mrs.. Thomas’ needs as she declines. Medicare covers the cost of a short term inpatient care in a Medicare approved hospice facility, or nursing home if the caregiver is suffering from caregiver strain (for up to five days) or if it is determined by the hospice physician that symptoms must be managed in an inpatient setting. Because Mrs.. Thomas has no Eng term care health insurance this care could be instrumental in providing for her final days. â€Å"Your Medicare benefits,† 2014) The fourth nursing diagnosis, â€Å"Altered Family Processes† must be addressed for the holistic health of Mrs.. Thomas. This holistic care includes her husband as well as Mrs.. Thomas’ sons and families. Situational crises can develop when a family member has a long term illness. There is a change in roles in caring for a paren t and an anticipated loss of said parent. (Nurseries) Those involved need to learn to express feelings freely and demonstrate individual involvement. This individual involvement must include a problem solving process that promotes suitable solutions for the situation. Mrs.. Thomas’ sons need to be contacted and requested to attend a family conference. If they are unable (because of finances or schedule) to attend then this could be accomplished via phone. They must understand the need of their mother to see them in person and will hopefully comply. The reality of the situation must be broached to them in a caring way. It may be that the Thomas’ or Mrs.. Thomas can go and stay with them for more available for care and support of their mother. Speaking with family members in a caring, respectful manner and providing information both written and spoken helps promote feelings of empathy. It stimulates individual feelings of value and capability in ability to handle the present situation. In answering questions and providing information one can empower Mrs.. Thomas’ loved ones. Identifying patterns of communication and interaction between family members is an important nursing intervention. It provides information about how active said communication is. It can also identify what problems may exist that interfere with the family in helping the patient and what problems there are in adjusting to the prognosis. Role expectations must be explored and how each individual sees the situation, in sharing these thoughts the family can promote understanding within its unit. Assessing the way members are expending their energy with which to deal with the situation is needed so as to provide guidance in positive focus for the well-being of patient. Acknowledging the difficulty of the prognosis, as well as, encouraging appropriate expressions of anger helps resolution in the stages of grieving. The nurse must remain centered. Stressing the importance f continuing dialogue that is open and honest between the family members helps communication to remain open and thus facilitates problem resolution. Mr.. Thomas must be educated by the community health nurse as with regards to how anti- depressants need to maintain a certain blood level to be effective. If he is not taking them regularly this will not happen. To help achieve this goal, a pill box with days on it can be set up; perhaps an alarm set to the same time each day enlisted, so that he can remember to take his medication and thus be better able to function at this time. To provide holistic nursing care to Mrs.. Thomas her needs as a person must be addressed. Physical, social and spiritual realms must be explored. Plans of action to provide for her physical care and the demise of her abilities must be explored; help must be sought out from the aforementioned sources. Method must be applied via nursing diagnosis and indications of said diagnosis. Desired outcomes must be planned, as well as nursing interventions to work toward these outcomes. Mrs.. Thomas must be approached with honesty and treated as a human being, with a life, in her time of need. How to cite Mrs. Thomas: Holistic End of Life Care, Essays

Kristallnacht Essay Example For Students

Kristallnacht Essay Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan is a secret society based on hatredand violence. The Klan claims that it stands for onlylaw-abiding rallies and activities, but the Klan has beenknown for having hypocritical views throughout itsexistence. No matter where the Klan is headed, violence issure to be the destination. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klanclaim that the Bible is on their side. They claim that theBible condones their activity. Nowhere in the Bible iskilling thy neighbor encouraged. They claim they are notout to destroy America, but rather to save it. How is itpossible to save America with hate and violence? The Klanexists only to hold onto the beliefs of the Confederacy, buthanging on to the past only adds to the destruction of thefuture. Holding on to the past is bad enough when the pastis full of pleasant memories, but the Klan is hanging on tothe hate and ignorance of the South in the 1800s. The KuKlux Klan has always attempted to reach their goal ofinstilling fear and intimidation in the minds of everyone they cross. The Klan has undergone four stages after itsestablishment and the last stage is still on the rise. TheKlan has a distinct origin, a four stage revolution,distinct symbols, recruiting requirements, and strongpolitical beliefs.Formed in the 19th century, the Ku Klux Klan hasattempted to instill fear in the minds and the hearts ofblack citizens in the United States. The Klan was firstorganized on December 24th, 1865 in the Law Office of JudgeThomas M. Jones. There were six people who organized theKlan. They included Calvin E. Jones, John B. Kennedy, FrankO. McCord, John C. Lester, Richard R. Reed, and James R. Crow. This information is proclaimed on a wall in Pulaski,Tennessee. It was unveiled on May 21, 1917 by the widow ofCaptain Kennedy, who was the last of the six founders topass away. The origin of the Ku Klux Klan was described ina thirty page pamphlet published by Mr. and Mrs. William B. Romine of Pulaski. It read: As the Klan stood primarily for purity and preservationof the home and for the protection of the women andchildren, especially the widows and orphans ofConfederate soldiers, white, the emblem of purity waschosen for the robes. And to render them startling andconspicuous, red, emblem of the blood which Klansmenwere ready to shed in defense of the helpless, waschosen for the trimmings. Also, a sentimental thoughtwas present in adopting the color scheme, as white andred were the Confederate colors. Be it said to thecredit of the women of the South who designed and madewith their own hands more than four hundred thousand ofthese Klan robes for both horses and riders, not a wordwas said by these women to anyone about them and notone single secret concerning them was ever revealed. -page 8 of Ku Klux Klan, A Century of Infamy byWilliam Pierce RandelThis account was published in 1924. The six founderswere unable to fill a complement of den officers. At firstthere was no Grand Scribe. The original den leader, FrankMcCord was called Grand Cyclops; his chief lieutenant, knownas Grand Magi, was Captain Kennedy. James Crowe was chosenGrand Turk, a kind of marshal or master of ceremonies. Calvin Jones and Captain Lester were Night Hawks, orcouriers, and Richard Reed was the first Lictor or outerguard. New titles were created for the next few members tojoin. After these positions were filled, the new memberswere to be called Ghouls. The name of this secret organization was one of thefirst things that was discussed. They wanted a name thatwas original and one that would send a tingle down the spineof their victims. The title came from a Greek word kukloswhich means a band or circle. James Crowe suggested thatthe word be split in two and changing the last letter to anx. This gave them the name Ku Klux. Then John Lesterremarked that all six founders were of Scottish descent,therefore he proposed that clan be added to the end, butspelled with a k for consistency yielding the Ku KluxKlan. This name was much better than the proposedClocletz. Clocetz was the name of a phantom Indian chief who the Negroes from Georgia had feared, but they decidedthat it was too unoriginal. After the name was established, the Ku Klux Klan neededto have a set structure to maintain order. The structurewas founded by one of the most educated founders, JohnKennedy. Since he had briefly attended Centre College inKentucky, he had observed some details about howfraternities were structured. Since the structure offraternities helped establish other organizations, it seemedthat this was a perfect model to follow in the establishmentof the Ku Klux Klan. Now that the name and structure were established, theKlan needed uniforms. The color white was chosen for thereason that the KKK stood for purity. They decided to wearrobes and hoods to intimidate their much hated counterparts,the Blacks. The Ku Klux Klan has gone through an evolution over thecourse of time and it has endured four phases;Reconstruction, the Civil Rights movements, revival afterWorld War II, and present day activity. The first evidenceof the Ku Klux Klan was during Reconstruction. The Klanbegan as a prankish organization that targeted Blacks andRepublicans. The first Klan was a secret society established in theSouthern states during the Reconstruction period followingthe Civil War. It was founded at Pulaski, Tennessee in thefall of 1865 as a social club. The sudden attempt atenfranchisement of blacks, by passage of the Reconstructionacts of March 1867, and also of the Fourteenth Amendment tothe Federal Constitution, created serious problems ofpolitical and social readjustments. Local politicians andtheir white supporters, known as scalawags, and Northerners,known as carpetbaggers, who went south hoping to profit inone way or another by the manipulation of the black vote,added to the confusion and uncertainty. Many Blacks wereexploited by their new found friends and turned to them forhelp. The Ku Klux Klan was formed to intimidate Blacks. They used bizarre rituals and wore pointed hoods and drapinggowns to help intimidate Blacks. From 1868 to 1871, theKlan reached the height of its power. The movement wasreally a revolution against many of the aspects ofReconstruction, and was also a revolt to overthrow local andstate governments. At the first meeting for the KKK in Nashville,Tennessee, General Nathan B. Forrest, a famous Confederatecavalry leader, was chosen as Grand Cyclops, or president. The Klan was separated into local dens and they adopted aset of principles. They are as follows: 1) to protect theweakened and to relieve the injured and oppressed, 2) toprotect and defend the Constitution of the United States andlaws passed in conformity thereto and to protect the statesand the people from invasion of any source, and 3) to aid inthe execution of the laws and to protect the people fromunlawful seizure and trial except by their peers. The Klanspread from Tennessee to the Carolinas and especiallyGeorgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.In Louisiana, whiteradicals formed a group that was different than the KKK onlyin name. They referred to themselves as the Knights of theWhite Camellia. Other similar organizations were referredto as the White League and the Invisible Circle. The Klanhad a large group of members, but the members were not asevident as hoped. Local groups were soon were branded asoutlaws; therefore, were condemned. In 1871 and 1872, thegovernment introduced the Force Laws to break up theselocal groups and to control local elections. The Ku KluxKlan continued to participate in their activities until theyhad accomplished all of their goals. They vowed to continueprotecting the white people, reducing the black vote,expelling undesirable carpetbaggers and scalawags, andnullifying those laws of Congress that in a sense would putwhite Southerners under control of a party largely supportedby black voters. By 1877, when Rutherford B. Hayes becamepresident and the federal troops had been withdrawn assupport of local governments, the original Klan had beendisbanded. The second, or the modern 20th-century, Klan was formedby William J. Simmons on Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, Ga.,in 1915 as a fraternal organization devoted to theprinciples of white supremacy. It was a new organization,linked only by name and tradition to the original Klan. By1919, Edward Clark Young and Elizabeth Tyler, publicityagent and fund raisers, had joined with Simmons. Klanactivities were now not only directed against blacks, butalso against Roman Catholics, Jews, and the foreign-born. This Klan became dedicated to protecting the purity of thenative-born, white, Anglo-Saxon Americans and claimed ahigher morality and dedication to religious fundamentalism. Because the Klan was not sectional in its appeal, itsinfluence spread to other parts of the country outside ofthe South. Mysterious meetings around fiery crosses, withmembers masked, hooded, and robed in sheets, became symbolicof the Klan. The tactics they used were to instill fearupon their counterparts. They used whippings, tarring andfeathering, branding, mutilating, and lynching as tactics topresent intimidation and fear. None1 EssayThis old Cross was bathed in the Blood of ourLord Jesus Christ and became transformed into thesymbol of faith, hope, and love. Today it is used torally the forces of Christianity against the everincreasing hordes of an anti-Christ and the enemies ofAmerica and the White Race. We light the Cross with fire to signify to theworld that Jesus Christ is the light of the world. Where the Holy Cross shall shine, there will bedispelled evil, darkness, gloom, and despair. TheLight of Truth dispels ignorance and superstition asfire purifies gold and silver, but destroys wood andstubble. So by the fire of the Cross of Calvary, wecleanse and purify our virtues by burning out our viceswith the fire of His Word. Who can look upon this sublime symbol, or sit inits sacred Holy Light without being inspired witha holy desire and determination to be a better person? By this Holy Light of the Cross, we will perservere. KKK.com quoted by a Klansman on why they lightthe cross. Recruiting for the Klan was never thought about when itwas established. One of the first decisions that was to befollowed by the Klan everywhere was new members were not tobe sought out. Joining the Klan was each individualdecision. The den officers do not push people to join theKlan. Although the Klan does not recruit, people interestedin joining have to meet certain qualifications. They are asfollows: No person is allowed in our ranks who can not declarean unqualified allegiance to the Constitution of theUnited States. No person is allowed in this Movement who can not pledgethemselves to the protection, preservation, andadvancement of the White Race. No one is allowed in this movement who can not practicereal Brotherhood. Only pure White Christian people of non-Jewish,non-Negro, non-Asian descent who are at least eighteenyears old and who pledge to dedicate their lives to thiscause can enter the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Thoseunder the age of eighteen can join the Klan Youth Corp. with parental consent, and then become a full member ofthe Knights when they turn eighteen. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is strictly a law-abidingorganization. Every member is sworn to uphold the lawand the principles of justice, and he will not conspirewith others to commit any unlawful or violent crimes. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan cocedes the right ofevery Christian citizen the right to worship God as hesees fit, and will not tolerate denominationaldissentation of any nature. All White Christians mustunite, at this juncture in history. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Movement is not anopen membership organization. Only those who meet 100% ofthe qualifications are allowed to join the Klan. Although the Ku Klux Klan is extremely influential inpolitics, members claim that the KKK is not a politicalaffiliation. They add that if it was a politicalaffiliation, the beliefs that would be introduced are asfollows:Reassert Americans White Christian Heritage. Return prayer to school. Stop all non-white organizations. Drug testing on all welfare recipitants. Quarantine all Aids carriers. Make the purchase of US Industry and property illegal toforeigners. Do away with free trade that harms the American workerand employ a policy of protectionism. Workfare not welfare. People work for their checks, soshould they. Troops on our South border to stop illegal immigration. Stop reverse discrimination by doing away withAffirmative Action. Declare all laws attempting to enforce gun control asunconstitutional. The Klans political beliefs are clearly out to benefitonly the white conformist who rejects what society hasundergone. Society today offers equality for every Americancitizen. The Klan is against this because they do not likethat they will have to work for their jobs just as hard asimmigrants do. Klan members want society to hand them whatever they want even though they are the under qualifiedapplicant. Equality should not bother anyone who is notafraid of working hard for what they want. Nothing will behanded out on a silver platter in todays society,regardless of what the Ku Klux Klan has to say. Complaining, criticizing, and envying will not produceanything except for hatred for the working man, or intodays society, the working woman. The Ku Klux Klan has endured and overcame manyobstacles to stay around and distort childrens minds. TheKlan has been around for a long time, and unless they arestopped, will be around for a long time. The Ku Klux Klanis a secret organization that hel ps segregate the UnitedStates by color or beliefs. The Klan helped to preserveracism and because members are ignorant, they will notmingle and learn to understand other cultures. Hating theunknown is just an easy and safe way to live. If the Klanattempted to understand other cultures, maybe they couldbegin to realize that everyone is alike in one way oranother. The most effective technique in destroying theKlan is education. Education is the tool for prevention. If children are not educated that the Ku Klux Klan standsfor evil purposes, these children may fall into the Klansevil empire. Educating the youth along with the society isthe only effective way to disband the Ku Klux Klan andsecret groups of this nature. The key is to never forgetwhat happened with the Klan so this world will never have toendure the hardships that the Ku Klux Klan has provided. The Ku Klux Klan has undergone a revolution of four stagesafter their origin in Tennessee and can be identified bytheir distinct sy mbols. The Klan has their own set ofrequirements that are to be followed when recruiting a newmember and have a one sided view on politics that they wantto see occur in the future