Comparison of Capital Flows in Asia

Examination of Capital Flows in Asia 1.1 Background of the Study Capital controls were generally used to forestall the free progression of assets between nations until the late 1970s. A careful unwinding of such controls during the 1980s demonstrated reliable with more prominent monetary combination among cutting edge nations and fortified the case for capital market opening all the more for the most part. By the mid 1990s, capital controls seemed, by all accounts, to be done as a genuine arrangement apparatus for moderately open economies. The traditional view about global monetary incorporation is that it should empower funding to spill out of high salary nations, with generally high capital work proportions, to low pay nations with lower capital work proportions. In the event that interest in poor nations is compelled by the low degree of local sparing, access to remote capital should support their development and it would likewise permit occupants of more extravagant nations to get more significant yields on their reserve funds contributed abr oad. Receptiveness to capital streams can uncover a country’s money related division to rivalry, prod upgrades in residential corporate administration as outside speculators request similar gauges locally that they are utilized to at home, and force discipline on macroeconomic approaches and the administration all the more for the most part. Along these lines, regardless of whether outside capital isn't required for financing, money related receptiveness, to the two inflows and outpourings, may make ‘collateral benefits’, for example, residential monetary area improvement which could upgrade development in complete factor productivity[1]. Capital record advancement in monetarily stifled economies frequently prompts a time of quick capital inflows followed by budgetary emergencies with global monetary incorporation and arrangement plan for additional progression of capital inflows. Concern has likewise been communicated regarding whether the expenses of expanded w eakness to money related delicacy probably won't exceed the increases from budgetary mix. However, the vast majority of the nations keep on advancing in destroying capital controls to coordinate their budgetary markets with the remainder of the world. 1.2 Justification and Relevance of the Study Monetary development is believed to be an element of speculation and different variables. The traditional conviction is that outside capital inflows bring new investible assets and remote trade with which the beneficiary nation can accomplish higher paces of speculation and in this way development. The job of outside capital in monetary development is an issue that has incited constant discussion. Remote capital expands the absolute asset accessibility in a nation, yet its effect on venture and financial development is questionable. On the off chance that reasonably utilized, it could effectsly affect financial development through higher speculation and other constructive outcomes. Yet, it is likewise conceivable that outside capital speculation probably won't yield any net advantage to the host nation. Monetary advancement and globalization have brought about quick portability of assets between countries as to procure the similar bit of leeway of the particular nation. The 1990s saw various capital record emergencies in developing business sector economies. The emergencies, which were encouraged by an abrupt inversion of capital inflows, happened against the foundation of monetary market deregulation, capital record advancement, and money related part opening. Deregulation and advancement have without a doubt realized advantages as more noteworthy budgetary asset activation for residential venture and financial development. Simultaneously, this has made new wellsprings of vulnerabilities in a critical position sheets of business banks, organizations, and the open part. For Countries that are still during the time spent opening the capital record, how best and how quick to continue stays an uncertain issue. There is no assumption that the asset necessities of actualizing a brisk change are either littler or bigger than those of dealing with a long progress process or controlling capital controls. Creating successful administrative system requires significant in vestment, however an extensive procedure may make wrong impetuses and mutilations. A huge explosion approach might be proper if a drawn out progress is probably going to make opposition from personal stakes or if various components of the current framework are so needy upon one another that a piecemeal change is beyond the realm of imagination without making huge contortions. Worldwide capital developments can bolster long haul development however are not without momentary dangers. The drawn out advantages emerge from a proficient assignment of sparing and speculation among excess and shortfall nations. In any case, huge capital inflows may challenge the absorptive limit of host nations in the short run by making them helpless against outer stuns, uplifting the dangers of monetary overheating and sudden inversions in capital inflows, and encouraging the rise of credit and resource value blast and-bust cycles. The inflows extended the accessible assets for subsidizing beneficial ventures and privatization, and for raising fare limit and helped money current record shortages. They added to the advancement of household money related markets and the productivity of banking frameworks. Remote interest in local government protections markets added to liquidity of optional markets and more prominent modernity of money related administrations, for example, in Hun gary and Poland. FDI helps in moving the administrative and mechanical aptitudes, and fortify household establishments. For the European Union promotion nations, capital inflows are a commonly strengthening factor during the time spent mix into the European Union[2]. The drawn out capital streams, especially of direct venture have been a significant factor in the capital record excess, and the pattern of higher long haul inflows has planned to be continued. A significant purpose behind this has been the accomplishment of modification programes embraced in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in the mid 1980, after a time of shakiness. In these three nations, an exaggerated money was deteriorated, huge financial shortages design was rehashed in the Philippines in the mid 1990s. In each of the four nations, macroeconomic adjustment was joined by approaches to open the economy to remote exchange and change the budgetary sector[3]. As a result of the remote capital flood experienced by various creating nations, since the mid 1990s global financial analysts and arrangement producers have been bantering about whether outside capital streams ought to be the object of explicit strategy. The discussion solidified around two inverse positions. From one viewpoint, there were the individuals who guaranteed that capital streams were to a great extent exogenous to the beneficiary nations and, likewise, very destabilizing. The ramifications of this view was that the monetary specialists should plan and actualize strategies to hose the effect of capital streams on residential macroeconomic factors. The contrary position left from the presumption that capital streams to a great extent react to household factors, be they long haul i.e., those influencing the country’s chance premium, or identified with momentary interest the executives. In either case, there is no compelling reason to stress unequivocally over capital streams. Approach producers focus solely on improving local strategies. An early, and powerful, examination of the capital flood to creating nations attributes it for the most part with the impact of falling worldwide intrigue rates[4]. There were different factors also, a large portion of them exogenous to developing economies. Specifically, the downturn in created nations diminished paces of profit for capital and made financial specialists search for more significant yields somewhere else. In like manner, since the Asian monetary emergency, remote capital has withdrawn from most developing economies, paying little heed to the nature of household approaches. At times, the abrupt stop[5] has been especially awful e.g., in the event of Argentina and Chile. In Argentina, the unexpected stop in capital streams made the monetary and budgetary issues. In Chile, it has had less terrible, albeit still very troublesome, impacts. Be that as it may, in all cases, the inversion of the 1990s inflows has been emotional, and it has been joined by a sharp decay in development execution. Expanding upon Ricardo, the government assistance gains from the worldwide segment of work are generally recognized. The financial approach suggestion has been to evacuate swapping scale unpredictability to encourage exchange and development. The effect of conversion standard instability on exchange among two or a gathering of nations has both a small scale and macroeconomic measurement. From a microeconomic viewpoint conversion scale instability, for example estimated as everyday or week to week swapping scale vacillations is related with higher exchanges costs since vulnerability is high and supporting remote trade chance is exorbitant. In a roundabout way, fixed trade rates upgrade global value straightforwardness as buyers can look at costs in changed nations all the more without any problem. In the event that conversion scale instability is dispensed with, global exchange upgrades effe ctiveness, profitability and government assistance. These microeconomic advantages of conversion standard adjustment have been an adverse inspiration of the European money related mix process. Low exchange costs assume a significant job for worldwide and intra-local exchange and capital streams. 1.3 Research Questions We have talked about above about the need of worldwide budgetary joining, advancement of capital records and potential advantages of capital streams. Numerous nations on the planet opened their capital record to receive the rewards of worldwide capital streams for their financial turn of events and development. Various examinations have been done as such far for the investigation of capital streams on various issues. A few examinations are connected with advantages and progression of capital record which are: does capital record advancement lead to development? by Quinn and Toyoda in 2008; why capital acco

Cyber Bullying Essay Example for Free

Digital Bullying Essay Digital tormenting has become an expanding issue over the most recent couple of years in the United States. The motivation behind why this kind of bulling is the most exceedingly terrible in light of the fact that the harasser could emerge out of somebody unknown just as it could emerge out of wherever and whenever. Accordingly, the casualty that is being tormented will endure some short and long haul issues, for example, doubting of others, nervousness, despondency, terrible showing at school, and can bring about self destruction. Because of the expanding number of young people being digital harassed, it ought to be a lawbreaker, culpable offense in the United States so as to secure the Nation’s kids and youngsters. What is Cyber Bullying? In the quick improvement in innovation, there have been a few issues that have become exposed about the utilization of these items in the hands of adolescences. It has been found through some examination that digital tormenting is another type of brutal conduct (Bendixen, Endresen, and Olweus, 2003). Digital harassing conduct is depicted as brutal conduct that is against an individual or gathering that is exhibited through the utilization of web and cell phones (Vandebsch and Cleemput, 2008). This kind of rough conduct incorporates an individual hacking onto another individual’s individual site, spilling out harming data using correspondence innovation, for example, cell phone, email, and sending messages. The Effects of Cyber Bullying Although digital tormenting doesn't happen face to face, it can even now have the equivalent enthusiastic and mental impacts of standard harassing. A youngster that has been harassed/digital tormenting more than prone to encounter forlornness, misery, uneasiness, despondency, and issues dozing (Keith Martin, 2005). Commonly the impacts of harassing frequently go unnoticed because of the reality the casualty feels humiliated and additionally apprehensive the tormenting will proceed. Periodically, the casualty will in general act on edge, less sure, and become calm in class (Keith Martin, 2005). Subsequently, the youngster has a critical obstacle in their turn of events and it likewise can be a prevention in their scholarly achievement. They have a dread that anything they put on any social site might be utilized against them by singular they know or don’t know. Rebuffing Cyber Bullying Cyber harassing has become a genuine across the board issue that has gotten more savage than a schoolyard tormenting (Vandebsch Cleemput, 2008). The teenagers come up short on the development to comprehend the results of their activities and feel that it is alright to fight back without being gotten (Vandebsch Cleemput, 2008). The expansion accounts of disasters where kids being harassed over online life locales have additionally expanded in mindfulness. Stories, for example, Amanda Todd are coming out increasingly more in which the youngster has been tormented and the kid ends it all. Such shocking stories and nothing was ever done to the harassers or the domineering jerk was rarely found. Therefore to the ongoing passings of these youngsters that have been harassed, numerous guardians have pushed the administration authorities to accomplish something and to condemn digital tormenting. Amanda Todd’s mother is one that has built up the Amanda Todd Trust Fund in which the gifts is utilized to help and instruct hostile to harassing mindfulness. Numerous states like California has a law that makes it an offense to imitate anybody through the web on social locales with the aim to undermine, hurt, or threaten others (U. S. Division of Health and Human Services, 2013). It is exceptionally hard to make digital tormenting a felony where the harassed ended it all. The legitimate framework is worked to where the discipline fits the wrongdoing. In spite of the fact that digital harassing has its results and a few cases do end in self destruction we as a general public, we should figure out how to rebuff those that perpetrate these wrongdoings. End There are various routes in how they’re presented to the cruel life exercises of this world from predators to trick craftsmen. Digital tormenting has become visible and it has numerous guardians stressed. One thing is without a doubt, it’s significant for guardians to know and figure out how to explore online networking so as to enable their kids to maintain a strategic distance from digital tormenting and to be sheltered. The explanation is that in the adolescence’s life, the most significant stage is the period in where they create connections among their friends. They become increasingly mindful f issues in attempting to have a spot in their social world. This hugy affects their mental turn of events. In this way, if youth has a positive relationship will prompt them having a fruitful character and live in amicability with society (Sahin, Aydin, Sari, 2012). Then again, if the immaturity has a negative relationship, for example, tormenting from their friends will hurt their passionate, social, and mental turn of events (Sahin, Aydin, Sari, 2012). Subsequently, as a general public we should attempt the discipline that fits the wrongdoing.

Instead of This, Try This Graphic Organizer

Instead of This, Try This Graphic Organizer It is challenging for students to focus on their learning when they approach classroom activities and tasks with a negative and fixed mindset. In moments of frustration and defeat, it is important to provide students with a strategy to support them to redirect their thinking. There is a heavy emphasis on the final product in education. Students often feel that if something is hard or they don’t get it right away that they can’t learn it. This strategy encourages students to emphasize the process of learning, which is messy and involves failure. You can print out this graphic organizer and give it to your students. You can also hang it up in your classroom. When students are frustrated and want to give up, you can direct them to these statements to help them shift their thinking. by Julie Mason

The North Carolina State University - 1028 Words

North Carolina State University North Carolina State University was founded in 1887 with the mission of promoting social and economic improvements. This land-grant institution focuses on the agricultural and mechanical sciences. Some of the most successful research programs are found in the design, math, science, technology and engineering departments. In order to provide students with research opportunities while helping the community, North Carolina State University partners with various nonprofits, industry organizations and government agencies to identify and solve problems. Students are provided with experiential education through co-ops, internships and service opportunities. Every year, over 34,000 students attend North Carolina State University, which creates over 90,000 local jobs and contributes over six billion dollars to the state’s economy. The universities helps to create and produce skilled graduates, successful companies and innovative technologies. There are over 9,000 staff and faculty who help train students to meet tomorrow’s challenges. Together, they forge powerful partnerships with government, industry, and academia to remake our world for the better. For example, North Carolina State University is one of the academic leaders in reducing climate change and nuclear proliferation through developing clean energy and manufacturing alternatives. The university’s Sustainability Office strives to reduce energy consumption and reduce solid waste toShow MoreRelatedMy Trip On North Carolina State University1107 Words   |  5 Pagesof a truck that usually brought me so much joy, I was overcome with sadness. North Carolina Stat e University was the destination, and in the eyes of my family, it was the best day of my life. The tour was booked months in advance, and the most dreaded day in the summer before my senior year had finally arrived. Instead of the usual conversation with my grandpa, the three and a half hour drive from Whiteville, North Carolina to Raleigh was filled with an emptiness, as we sat in silence. I received manyRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Working On Obtaining Associate Degree Science Degree At North Carolina State University1211 Words   |  5 Pagestransfer to a University to continue my education. Recently I decided I would like to major in environmental engineering. I have been doing research on myself, such as things I am good at, things I would like to do with my life, and things that matter to me most. 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Description of Life in the Trenches Essay example - 546 Words

Description of Life in the Trenches You might be thinking that life in trenches was non-stop death, violence, and pain. But have you ever thought about why? Or what do soldiers do in their trenches when theyre not fighting or dying? Do you always trust sources when you read them? Do you always believe what they say on television documentaries? How can you without a source of evidence? I am going to be telling you what life was really like in the trenches. Firstly, soldiers had to put up with conditions in the trenches. This could have been really tough. Sometimes, it would downpour; there would be gales of wind it was such blustery weather. They couldnt exactly put up a tent or get out an†¦show more content†¦Adding to this point, when it came to weapons, the trenches were not a good protection. Gases could easily run into the trenches harming most soldiers. There was hardly anything to do about it because if they got out of their trenches they would obviously be shot down. Secondly, the soldiers themselves werent all that happy most of the time. They tended to get very bored when they werent fighting. All they could do was sit there and wait. Also they usually go dreadfully hungry. There wasnt much food to live on and whatever they had, it had to be shared out between all of them. This could have made them feel very agitated. When the soldiers got time to sleep, they sometimes had bad dreams and nightmares. This made them scared and worried about the war. Sometimes the dreams were bad things happening to the soldiers family. This also made the soldier feel panicked, as they hadnt seen their family for a long time. Being a soldier wasnt the best job in the world either. Each soldier must have seen or experienced something gruelling that they didnt really want to see. This caused bad memories for them making them feel insecure that something that bad is possible to happen to them. 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Graded Unit Free Essays

| | |This project contains information about activity of exercise which I will do with a service user at my placement. It will base on | |sociological and psychological knowledge and also current policies and legislations. | | | |I am student in a local authority day centre. We will write a custom essay sample on Graded Unit or any similar topic only for you Order Now My placement supports adults with physical and sensual impairment. The day centre | |provides range of different groups designed for disabled people. I have chosen an exercise group to my project to describe an | |individual service user. | |The organisation is registered service and regulated by the Care Inspectorate which was established by Regulation of Care ( Scotland| |) Act 2001. Trained and qualified staff works with the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) requirements. All service users | |within the placement are treated accordingly with the criteria delineated by the National Care Standards – Support Services. |Each service user in the organisation has his key worker, who creates an individual care plan based on assessments and taking into | |account the needs and expectations of the individual. | |As a student in the placement I comply with all regulations listed above. In the centre I provide appropriate level of care and help| |in taking part in all available activities. Treat all service users with dignity, privacy, give to all service users choice, provide| |safety, allow realising potential and take account of equality and diversity to each individual. |I chose an individual who I named Mr X to the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998 to mention that personal information have | |to be used in fully anonymous as awareness of confidentiality and one of a main principal of National Care Standards and SSSC – to | |respect a privacy of service user. | | | |Mr X is disabled since 2009 after when he had cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and resulting in his left sided weakness. Despite his | |disability he still lives in his own home and has a support worker. He is keen to remain as independent as possible but is | |frustrated by his poor mobility. He uses wheelchair fulltime and suffers from epilepsy and diabetes. | |Mr X grew up in nuclear family. He had both parents and sibling – brother and four sisters. His siblings and his mother still live | |and they all are in very good relation to each other. | |Mr X grew up in very familiar environment during his primary socialisation and values gained through this time transferred on his | |later life. He also had a lot of friends. Mr X was very attached to his family and treats closest people as the most important. As | |Bowlby’s theory of attachment says that through attachment to mother Mr X’s basic physiological needs had been satisfied in primary | |socialization. | |(Malim. T, Birch. A. ,1998) | | | |According to one of functionalists George Murdock theory that family performs four main functions. One of the functions is | |reproductive function relate to rising children and take responsibility for them. | |(I. Marsh, M. Keating, S. Punch, J. Harden; 2009) | |Firstly Mr X was attached to his mother as she was his primary caregiver while in his adulthood he directed his attention to his | |wife. She took care of him after the loss of his mobility. | | | |Eli Zaretsky, one of Marxists says that view of ideal family, detached from economic world is only illusion. He means that families | |are a source of cheap labour. In according to Mr X’s life I can say that he and his wife were also parts of the ‘family economy’. He| |worked with Scottish Water and his wife was a cleaner in local school and also as nursing auxiliary. They had spent mostly time at | |their work places which caused lack of time to spend with children. | |(Zaretsky. E; 1976) | |Now his source of socialisation is only his family, mainly his sons who he sees regularly. | | | |Mr X experienced feeling of loss. Firstly he lost his health through CVA and his wife which passed away two years after he became | |disabled. |Based on Elizabeth Kubler – Ross On Death and Dying research in which she presented five stages model by which I going to describe | |Mr X’s feelings: | |Denial and isolation – Mr X after lost his health and wife felt that what had happened was very unfair and hard to accept by him. | |Anger – Mr X felt that God does not exist because in other way the tragic situation would never have happened. | |Bargaining – Is a form of truce, begging and promising himself and God, trying to make a deal with the God. |Depression – Mr X gave up and became resigned and lack of motivation to continue living. | |Acceptance – Mr X accepts the present life with the supports of hisfamily. Also classes in the Day Centre give a new meaning to his | |life. | |(E. Kubler – Ross; 2003 ) | | | |To analyse a personal needs and development of Mr X I use PIES model of needs and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Motivation. |There are four categories: physical need to improve Mr X’s mobility, intellectual need to through communication and reflects on the | |choice of appropriate equipment to perform an exercises, emotional to rise Mr X’ self esteem and strengthen his self – confidence, | |and also social need as interaction with other service users. | | | |Maslow’s hierarchy of human motivation believes that to achieved the higher-order needs must first meet the basic needs. |During Mr X’s healthy life he was happy and fully satisfi ed. He had love each other family – wife and two sons so he felt | |belongingness and been attached, he was working so was independent and also received respect from colleagues. He had also very | |active social life. Mr X used to enjoy playing golf and football during his healthy life so he was very active person. He has seen | |himself as very sociable individual enjoying a beer with friends. He was leading successful life until became disable. The | |disability made him unable to do things from previous days. His motivation decreased and he became very frustrated. | |(R. Gross; 2005) | | | |I started my preparation to an activity with a consultation with a manager. I chose as activity exercise group and gained permission| |from the manager to perform the activity. Then I discussed my chose with Mr X’s key worker and also gained from the key worker a | |care plan of the service user and other significant information regarding Mr X’s background, family, health condition and general | |risk assessment. | | | |An important factor for me was a conversation with Mr X and eventually gained permission from him. I explained clearly to the | |service user how the activity will be proceeded. Through the conversation and observation of Mr X’s I learnt what he expects from | |the activity. Also I assured him of his right to choose a course of the activity whether to amend decision. I am going to abide by | |the rules such as National Care Standards by giving to Mr X choice and treat him with dignity and communicate with him in | |appropriate and open way. | |Thanks exercises he hopes to regain the mobility in legs. In the exercise group he feels is given him a purpose to get up of bed and| |the opportunity to interact with his peers in a supported environment. | |I spoke with the leader of exercise class about the course and the main objectives of group. Also the leader informed me that the | |exercise group will take place in main hall of the placement and showed me the room in which it is held needed equipment. | | | |In my placement is using personal – centred planning model of care. The idea of the model was created by O’Brien and Lovett. This | |model is targeted for people who want to change something in their life. The model also focuses on make individuals as independence | |as possible. Mr X has significant left sided weakness and he requires a high level of assistance with all tasks and activities. He | |would like to attend a local gym to work more on building strength on his left side. He also discussed with his support worker a | |possibility of using community venues out with the Day Centre that may have activities running that would keep him busy and involve. | | | | | |For my project as I mentioned I chose exercise group. Main purpose of activities is to keep Mr X as fit as possible, encourage him | |to exercise and more motivated to make progress in becoming back to his mobility. It will make him a lot of satisfaction and | |increase their confidence and belief in his own abilities. Classes also will allow him to be among peers to avoid allowing it to | |feeling of isolation. During the activity I will communicate with Mr X in openly and clearly as awareness of SSSC Codes of Practice | |and Human Rights Act 1998. | |To my activity I intend to use the appropriate music played from a CD and exercise equipment stored in a designated lockable room. |The first step will bring a stroller with the equipment and the preparation of music Initially, it will be simple exercises in the | |warm-up then we will use selected by Mr X weights, stretching equipment and balls. To carry out a risk assessment I will carefully | |check environment if there are any type of hazards such as spillages on a floor or other obst acles around Mr X and others service | |users, remove these threats. Also all equipment to be checked if there are any damaged equipment and remove them. I have to make | |sure that the individual took appropriate medication due to his epilepsy and diabetes. |I planned my activity on 19 of March 2013. The activity will take about 70 minutes with 10 minute break for tea, coffee or something| |cooling to drink in terms of the diabetes of Mr X which excludes sweetened beverages. | |During my activity I will use personal – centred planning model of care because the model let me focus on the individual | |expectations and also let me be fully involved into the activity as Mr X as well. As a method I would be most likely to use | |Essential Lifestyle Plan of Method of Intervention. During this method is taken into account a health condition, communication. | |Health and safety of the individual is a priority as maintaining Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. | |In case of Mr X is very suitable to him the Essential Lifestyle Plan to achieve the objectives which is to give satisfaction to Mr | |X, being able to do exercises that will increase their confidence and belief in their own abilities I am going to be patient and | |empathic, also treat with respect Mr X’s choice in the type of exercises to underpinning Equality Act 2010, National Care Standards | |and SSSC. |To maintain Safe Practice during performance of activity I make sure that I provide the safest environment for Mr X and other | |service users, myself and leading worker. During this I comply with Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. | | | |As a contingency plan I will go with Mr X to a local museum because the service user is sympathetic to the history of the town. | | | |In the above project I contained my plan for an activity focusing on needs and development of Mr X. Information above includes | |method and model of care to be used, sociological and psychological concepts which helped me better understand and feelings and | |needs of the service user in terms of regulations and polices underpin antidiscrimination practice and principles essential in | |social care. | |REFERENCES | |Alangul. S, Meggitt. C; Further Studies for Social Care; 2002 | |Bingham. E; HNC in Social Care; 2009 | |Gross. R; The Science of Mind and Behaviour; 2005 | |Kubler – Ross. E; On Death and Dying; 2003 | |Maclean. S, Shiner. M; Social Care and the Law in Scotland; 2011 | |Malim. T, Birch. A. , Introductory Psychology ; 1998 | |Marsh. I, Keating M, Punch. S, Harden. J; Sociology – Making Sense of Society; 2009 | |Miller. J, Gibb. S, Baker. G, Graham. D, Lancaster. E, Hollis. S; Care in practice for Higher Still ; 2005 | |O’Donnell. M; Introduction to Sociology; 1997 | |Zaretsky. E; Capitalism, the Family and Personal Life; 1976 | | | | | |http://www. learning-theories. com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs. html | |http://www. simplypsychology. org/Erik-Erikson. tml | | | |Codes of Practice for Social Service Workers and Employers | |General Risk Assessment of Mr X | |National Care Standards – Support Services | |Personal Care Plan of Individual and additional information gained from manager and individual’s key worker | Word Count |1 868 | How to cite Graded Unit, Papers

Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Example

Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Sypnopsis In this experiment, acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized from the acidification of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The objective was to convert a specific amount of salicylic acid into the same amount of aspirin that was high in purity. Furthermore, the other objectives were to enable students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce skills or recrystallisation and the technique of melting point determination. The amount of each compound should be the same because there is a 1:1 ratio between them. The purity of the synthesized aspirin was measured by determining its melting point and percent yield. Soluble impurities increase the range over which a compound melts and often decreases its overall melting point temperature1. If the experiment went as expected, a pure sample of aspirin with a high percent yield would have been obtained. The percent yield obtained was 56. 1% and the melting point was 134. 7- 136. 8. Introduction Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a versatile drug that is consumed in huge quantities worldwide. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a wide range of physiological effects. The first discovery of aspirin occurred in England, in 1963, believing that the bark of willow trees with a beneficial effect in alleviating distress due to fevers, aches, and pains2. Salicylic acid was later extracted from the willow bark and it proved to be an active ingredient. Salicylic acid was synthesized from basic starting materials by 1860 which was helpful to the medicinal field but there were some problems2. Salicylic acid turned out to be irritating to the membranes of the throat, mouth, and stomach. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The product had a high acidity of the compound but fortunately, successful amendments were done, namely, the replacement of the acidic phenolic hydrogen atom with an acetyl group. In 1893, a effective synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid was created, patented in 1899, commercialized under the trade name of ‘aspirin’ by the Bayer Company in Germany3. The name ‘aspirin’ was invented by the chemist, Felix Hoffman, who originally synthesized acetylsalicylic acid for Bayer3. At very low doses, aspirin is used to treat and prevent heart attacks and blood clots. At higher doses, it is used as an analgesic to reduce pain and as an antipyretic to reduce fever. At very high doses, it is an effective anti-inflammatory agent used to treat rheumatic fever, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also an anticoagulant, it dissolves corns and calluses, and it provokes loss of uric acid (a toxin) but promotes retention of fluids in the kidneys. It kills bacteria and induces peptic ulcers. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. The exact mechanisms of its pharmacological actions are still under study. In many plants, salicylate can induce flowering. However, aspirin may cause side effects for example, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and heartburn. Theory Aspirin is prepared from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with the help of an acid catalyst. Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst. After preparation, the product is purified. This is especially important for chemicals that are used as food additives and pharmaceuticals. The most common method of purifying solid organic compounds is by recrystallization. When an impure solid compound is dissolved in a solvent, it is then allowed to slowly crystallize out as the solution cools. As the compound crystallizes from the solution, the molecules of the other compounds dissolved in solution are excluded from the growing crystal lattice, giving a pure solid. Crystallization of a solid is different from a precipitation of a solid. In crystallization, there is a slow, selective formation of the crystal framework resulting in a pure compound. In precipitation, there is a rapid formation of a solid from a solution that usually produces an formless solid containing many trapped impurities within the solids crystal framework. For this reason, experimental procedures that produce a solid product by precipitation always include a final recrystallization step to give the pure compound. Figure: The esterification of salicylic acid by acetic anhydride5. The -OH group of salicylic acid that reacts with acetic anhydride to form an ester-like product. The carboxylic acid group of salicylic acid remains unchanged. Acetic anhydride is used because it is cheap and forms a by-product, acetic acid. Acetic acid is non corrosive and can be recovered to produce more acetic anhydride. Procedure 2. 4g of salicylic acid was weighed and poured into a 100ml conical flask. The actual weight was then recorded. In the fume hood, 6ml of acetic anhydride was added to the salicylic acid in the flask. To this mixture, 3 to 4 drops of sulphuric acid was added, swirled to mix and then heated in a water bath for 10-15 minutes to complete the reaction. The mixture was removed from the water bath while it was still hot and then 1ml of distilled water was added from a dropper carefully to decompose the excess acetic anhydride. An additional 40ml of cold water was added and stirred with a stirring rod to induce crystallisation. The crude product was collected by suction filtration and washed with a little cold water. The crude product is relatively impure; hence it was needed to be purified by recrystallisation. A solvent suitable for this recrystallization process would be a mixture of ethanol and water. The crude product was dissolved in approximately 5ml of ethanol in a 100ml conical flask and heated on a hot plate. To the solution, 30ml of hot distilled water was added in. The solution was then warmed till all solid has dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool. A clean, dry watch glass together with a filter paper was weighed and the weight was recorded. The recrystallised product was obtained by suction filtration using the weighed filter paper. The crystals and filter paper was transferred onto the weighed watch glass and dried in to the oven (100Â °C) for 15 to 20 minutes. The crystals, filter paper and watch glass are then placed in desiccators for 5 to 10 minutes. The dried crystals, together with the filter paper and watch glass were weighed. The weight was recorded and the weight of dried, recrystallised aspirin was calculated. The expected yield of aspirin was calculated from the amount of salicylic acid used. The percentage yield of dried, recrystallised aspirin was also calculated. The melting point of aspirin was determined. Results Mass of salicylic acid Mass of filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirinMass of dried, recrystallized aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of filter paper and watch glass Percent yield Number of moles of salicylic acid used (mol wt of salicylic acid = 138) Expected number of moles of aspirin Expected mass of aspirin Percent yield Melting point Temperature Range134. 7 – 136. 8 Appearance The crystals are white and shiny, shaped needle-like. The crystals resemble glass wool. Discussion The results and calculations shows how much acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized compared to how much salicylic acid was used. Since there is a 1:1 ratio between the two, then the amount of salicylic acid used should be equal to the amount of acetylsalicylic acid recovered at the end of the experiment. As the result shows, this is not the case, for 1. 83g of acetylsalicylic acid was harvested when 2. 40g of salicylic acid was used. This could have some effect on the purity; for the melting point of the harvested acetylsalicylic acid which is 134. 7 – 136. 8 was not very close to the theoretical melting point. The percentage yield is only 56. 1%. Since the final product was determined not to be very pure, it is highly likely that less than 1. 83g of the product was acetylsalicylic acid. Further analysis of the product will have to be done to determine exactly how pure the product actually was. There were several problems that could have contributed to the low purity or mediocre percent yield. When dissolving the initial amount of salicylic acid in the solution of acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid, it did not completely dissolve into the solution, even when it was heated. There could also be loss of product on the filter paper. Some crystals would be stuck onto the filter paper and this might have affected the mass of the crystals. The sample may not have been completely dried out before weighing. This could have a slight impact on the results of the overall yield of aspirin because it was possible that not all of the salicylic acid was synthesized. To determine if this affected the synthesis of aspirin at all, the experiment should have been ran a second time to see if the same thing occurred. Conclusion The experiment did not go completely as expected. The reaction yielded only 56. 1% of its expected product. The purity of the aspirin was not very high, because there might be impurities in the acid used. Reference 1. Henry, Dr. Geneive. 2004. Susquehanna University. Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). 2. The history of Aspirin, accessed 25th May 2009, 3. History of Aspirin, viewed on 13th Dec 2010, ; http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blaspirin. htm; 4. Theory, accessed 15th Dec 2010, 5. Dr. Carman. 2002. University of Nevada, accessed, 15 Dec 2010, ; http://tooldoc. wncc. nevada. edu/aspirin. htm; 6. Synthesis of Aspirin, accessed 13th Dec 2010, 7. Aspirin, accessed 14th Dec 2010,